In the Positive Feedback Example of Child-birth Discussed in Class, the Unborn Baby:

Voice communication disorders in children

Birth is the commencement of a new life. What will it be, depends a lot on how to develop niggling man. Therefore, parents should be specially responsible for his future, both before and afterward the advent of the babe born. To do this, they must be interested in special literature, which are well-described stages of development of children, especially in the early period.

Then was born the babe. The beginning thing we do when we see him get-go to smile, something to tell him. The outset communication. In return, nosotros expect the respective reactions. While they are non. Merely believe me, they shortly will announced and please us incredibly. After all, for a child, communication is very important.

Just what if the baby does not prove the same communicative activeness, how exercise y'all know mummies? To raise the alert immediately exercise not take. All children are dissimilar. Analyze what your child already knows, compare information technology with what information technology needs to be able to my age and only after that go to specialists. Don't forget that kids need to develop from the commencement days of life, they require not but feeding and a dry diaper, but as well advice. It should exist a lot. Perchance that'due south the problem? If not, go ahead.

Indicating oral communication disorders in children?

Experts say that spoken language disorders can be adamant virtually from the starting time days of a child's life. Primarily this is indicated past monotonic weak cry of a baby.

What are the signs still indicate possible problems with information technology?

The child's age, months	What yous cannot do to a child?
By the end of 1 month	The cry expresses their discontent when y'all desire to eat or other discomfort.
Past the end of iv months	Non grin when talking to him.
Before the end of 5	Doesn't say individual sounds or syllables, does not seek to notice the look of those items, at which point the adults («Where is the light?»).
By the end of vii	Not seeking to depict attention to themselves, uttering sure sounds.
Before the end of 9	At that place are no words that consist of the aforementioned syllables (mA-mA», «PA-PA», «Dai Dai» and the like).
The remainder of the x	Child owns eight compositions or audio combinations, not waved his head negatively, does not correspond to the movements of the paw at parting.
Before the terminate of 12	Does not say meaningful single give-and-take, not listening when the music is non fulfilling simple demands («Give me the Teddy!», etc.).
Earlier the end of 15	Uses meaningful words «Mama», «Papa».
Until the late 19th	Does not say meaningful words, shows parts of the trunk, which are called adults.
Until the end of 29	Does not understand the meaning of the words «big — small».

If a child is experiencing these problems, so he may exist in disorders of speech development. In social club to know the reason of their occurrence and to institute an accurate diagnosis, you should consult such specialists:

• otolaryngologist (check the kid's hearing);
• neurologist (to determine if the baby organic lesion of the Central nervous organization, including the speech communication centers of the cerebral cortex);
• child psychologist, spoken language pathologist or therapist (to determine the status of nonverbal intelligence);
• instructor-oral communication therapist (for concluding diagnosis).

Causes of spoken communication disorders

What are the causes of speech disorders in children. A lot of factors. They can exist both external and internal. Sometimes they blend together. The chief ones are the following:

1. Intrauterine pathology.
2. Heredity.
3. Generic pathology.
4. Disease first years of a child's life.
5. Adverse social conditions.

Intrauterine pathology

Very important the first trimester of pregnancy, every bit the fetus develops a Central nervous system, including the oral communication areas of the cerebral cortex. The virtually negative factors in this period are:

• intrauterine hypoxia;
• infectious diseases of the female parent during pregnancy (canker, rubella, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, flu, scarlet fever, polio, HIV, measles);
• injury to the female parent while carrying the infant;
• incompatibility of blood mother and the unborn child, leading to the production of antibodies in the female parent'south body, and every bit a consequence, the fetus is allocated a toxic substance that damages areas of the brain that affects his voice communication and hearing;
• prematurity and fetal perenoshennoy;
• Smoking and consumption of booze and drugs by the mother;
• uncontrolled mother medicines;
• attempted ballgame;
• mothers in hazardous work, particularly in the kickoff months of pregnancy;
• stress.

Heredity

If one of the parents was a late bloomer to say, the probability that the child will have the aforementioned bug. Also genetic abnormalities to apply a non-standard structure of the speech apparatus (wrong number of teeth, their fit, occlusion problems, defects in the structure of the sky), stuttering and issues in the development of the speech communication areas of the cerebral cortex.

Generic pathology

Births are not always benign for the babe. The most dangerous are asphyxia (respiratory failure, which leads to oxygen starvation of the brain), birth defects (narrow pelvis of the mother, the utilise of forceps nascency).

Special attention in the development will besides require the kid who is born weighing less than 1500 1000 and underwent a serial of resuscitation, including ventilation.

All of the in a higher place factors can crusade speech disorders in children.

Illness starting time years of life

The get-go years are very important in the life and development of the babe. And so you lot demand to be aware of:

• infectious diseases, specially meningitis, meningoencephalitis, inflammation of the middle and inner ear (leads to decrease or loss of hearing, and consequently speech);
• brain injuries;
• damage to the sky.

Agin social weather

Speech disorders are very normally observed in those children who practice non have the emotional and verbal communication with loved ones. Not necessarily this happens in families where parents drink or lead an immoral life. Prosperous at start glance, the family unit, children can as well be deprived of attending from parents. Bereft communication, particularly to my mom, may be the main factor of speech disorders in children.

Emotional bail with the mother of the kid to substitute something else very hard. Be parents, be conscientious! No toy im not replace you!

So, we tin sum up the outcome, to understand what is required for the prevention of speech disorders in children. Most importantly, you demand to know that it is a circuitous mental process. The child begins to speak when the brain, hearing and articulation device reaches a certain level of development. This depends very often from the environment. If the child will non receive vivid impressions, he will create conditions for movement and communication, shortly he will be manifested as delays in physical and mental evolution.

Remember that the babe is in need of intendance and dear. If it is deprived of full communication with adults or exist limited simply to the monotonous everyday situations, it is likely that the child will soon exist observed speech disorders.

Types of speech disorders in children

In mod therapy at that place are 2 main classifications of voice communication disorders: clinical-pedagogical and psycho-pedagogical. They in no way exclude one another, and but help to more than securely understand the causes of variation and try to eliminate the maximum (if possible) or to ward off secondary deviations in the result of the principal defect.

Clinical-pedagogical classification

The outset classification is friendly with medicine. It highlighted violations of speech written and oral.

Violations of oral voice communication

When violations of oral speech possible speech disorders during the immediate pronunciation of the utterance (phonational registration) and system (polymorphic) variation (structural-semantic processing).

Irregularities in the registration of vox

Every bit a consequence of violations of phonational registration during the pronunciation of utterances observed the following linguistic characteristics of the kid:

• voice;
• sound pronunciation;
• temporality;
• intonation.

The kid correctly understands information technology, merely to recognize and reproduce itself tin non as a result of the defect. Against this background, at that place are the post-obit diseases:

Dysphonia is characterized past the breakup or consummate absence of phonation due to pathology of the song apparatus (violation of voices, timbre or pitch).

Bradylalia is characterized by boring spoken communication rate as a result of the affliction.

Thilly is characterized by an acceleration of the voice communication rate.

Stuttering – a violation of the tempo and rhythm of speech communication equally a issue of spasms of the muscles of the vocal appliance.

Dyslalia is speech communication defects with normal hearing and intact articulatory appliance.

Rinolaliya is characterized past violation of the tone of voice and sounds, respectively, due to the peculiarities of the speech appliance.

Dysarthria — speech violation resulting from lack of innervation of the oral communication appliance.

Irregularities in the structural and semantic design

The most astringent deviations are structural and semantic. Due to lesions of the cerebral cortex a child has had a complete and fractional loss of the ability not only to reproduce statements, only to understand. Diagnose the following disorders: alalia and aphasia.

Alalia – the absence of speech or its underdevelopment as the consequence of organic lesions of the cerebral cortex to the speech areas in the catamenia of intrauterine development of the child at an early age.

Aphasia — loss of spoken communication complete or partial the upshot of local lesions of the brain (usually the diagnosis subsequently 3 years).

Of violations of written oral communication

Of violations of written speech communication tin be observed in reading or spelling. Respectively noted two diagnoses: dyslexia and dysgraphia.

Dyslexia – a partial violation of process of reading, which results in difficulties of recognition of letters, they are composite into syllables and words. This leads to erroneous reading of the words.

Dysgraphia manifests itself in violation of the letter. While this defect is a mixture of letters, their pass.

Psycho-pedagogical nomenclature

Psycho-pedagogical nomenclature appeared with the purpose to determine the extent of possible impact on the correction of spoken language disorders of the kid during the pedagogy procedure (classes with a speech therapist).

Phonetic-phonetic underdevelopment of oral communication is characterized by the violation of the processes of pronunciation, which is associated with defects of perception and pronunciation of certain phonemes. It applies merely to communications in the native language of the child.

General underdevelopment of spoken communication in children who take broken all the components of the voice communication system. Babe characterized by the following features:

• the development of speech later.
• vocabulary poor;
• defects such equally pronunciation and poneviryavsya.

Stuttering – a violation merely in the chatty part. When all other ways of advice is well formed.

We should not forget that speech deviations can be combined, for example, stuttering and General underdevelopment of the speech.

The distribution of children into groups according to speech disorders

Accordingly, speech disorders children distributed into three groups:

Grouping 1 – children with phonetic spoken language disorders. They usually do not pronounce the individual sounds. Other abnormalities are observed.

Group 2 – children with phonetic and phonemic disorders. The child in this example not merely makes a sound, merely poorly distinguishes them, does not sympathize articulatory and acoustic divergence. Such children are non given a sound analysis, they have difficulty learning to read and write, in speech they rearrange the syllables, «swallow» the end of words.

Group iii – children with General underdevelopment of speech. Such a kid does not distinguish the sounds, not merges them into syllables, poor vocabulary, continued oral communication is missing. If the baby is non to requite time to special speech therapy, in the future may be in serious trouble in the communication field.

Accordingly, speech communication disorders in children there are three levels of General underdevelopment of speech (North. Levina) if the stored physical hearing:

First level: child 5-vi years doesn't speak, makes only unintelligible sounds, accompanied by gestures.

2d level: kid takes only common words, some grammatical forms, but linguistic communication abilities are significantly backside the norm.

Third level: phrase speech the kid has expanded, merely has some phonetic-phonemic and lexical-grammatical defects. The communication comes only in the presence of adults.

Speech communication disorders significantly affect other mental functions of the kid. Typically, these children have intermittent attending, which is hard to distribute. Mindset is as well different, especially the verbal-logical. They have difficulty in analysis and synthesis, comparison and generalization. These children may experience poor locomotor part: dumb coordination, reduced speed and agility. Very difficult were perceived verbal instructions. Special attention requires fine motor skills.

A kid with spoken language disorders, specially severe, is characterized by a abrupt negativity, aggressiveness, resentment, unwillingness to communicate and establish contacts, lack of confidence. This kid needs help.

We have come to the understanding that speech disorders are dissimilar and can appear in any child at whatsoever stage of its evolution.

Let's talk almost what nosotros can and must do, starting with the commencement days of life with the aim of prevention of speech disorders in children.

1. To constantly communicate with the child, giving talks on various emotions (grin, frown, wonder, fear, enjoy, admire, etc.). The words should exist pronounced clearly.
2. Have to be necessary for the babe finger-type gymnastics. How non to recollect the well-known poem «Forty — crow porridge cooked». Scientists have long proved that the fingertips are the nerve centers that are closely associated with oral communication areas of the cognitive cortex. So for child very useful massage fingers. They must be carried out in the form of games. For this purpose, the verses in which the child is asked to repeat sure movements of the fingers. In this case develops non only spoken communication, but also memory, creates sure images, which then volition fixate specific concepts.

When the child gets older, it is essential occupations must become a game with mosaics and designer, likewise equally drawing, molding, lacing, twisting caps, etc.

All this will help to avert many oral communication disorders in children.

Many parents take this question:

Child of two.v years, but he can't pronounce all the sounds. Does he need speech therapy?

If the question is looked at from a physiological point of view, the infant is likely not yet ready articulation apparatus. He is non fluent in his tongue, or lips, or cheeks. It is in this historic period is the norm. Then to me no need to run but at the games you need to pay special attention. Mandatory should be the exercises for the fingers, tongue. As well, we should non forget about animate. All together will significantly improve the pronunciation of sounds.

About finger gymnastics nosotros discussed above. And now attempt to do the «obedient» tongue.

Exercises for language

Immediately underline: before starting the exercises, attempt to brand yourself first, then with the child and then teach him how to exercise information technology yourself. All exercises are performed in front of a mirror. They should exist fabricated gradually, moving from elementary to circuitous.

The child is well uttered hissing sounds, it's good to do the activeness «Fence»: the teeth are closed, lips pulling forrad. Agree this position for about ten seconds.

For pronunciation whistling sounds useful exercise «Slide»: open oral fissure, the lateral edge of the tongue to residue in the upper molars; the tongue tip in the lower front. Hold 10-15 seconds.

To pronounce [R] recommended exercise «Woodpecker»: the oral fissure is widely open, the tongue to lift to the upper teeth, pronounced [d], tapping on the upper alveoli.

A spoken language therapist can offer many other materials for different sounds. The primary thing is to constantly appoint with the kid. Only in this case the positive result shortly.

Animate exercises

Proper breathing is an of import aspect during the pronunciation of sounds. It is necessary to practice the skill smoothly and correctly to speak. For this in that location are exercises that tin can increase the oral exhalation from two to eight seconds. In add-on, the kid must be taught to breathe through the rima oris and through the olfactory organ; breathe with the audio, composition, etc.

For this, you can perform the do «the Tempest.» Will demand a glass of h2o and a straw for a cocktail. And now for exercise: rima oris slightly open up, the natural language rests at the bottom teeth, a tube take it in her mouth and drop into the glass. When the wind blows so that the water bubbling. The cheeks should not puff himself upward and his lips remain motionless. The flow of air after such exercises will exist more focused and lengthy.

Will be useful, and popping balloons and bubbles, games with whistles and children's musical instruments: harmonica, flute, etc.

Very often children come up up with their children'south words with those sounds that they easy to pronounce. The repetition of such vocabulary as adults we call «baby talk». So, it should be avoided. If adults will begin in his oral communication to employ these words, they will be fixed in the memory of the child for a long period, which can create bug in the farther evolution of his speech. All words needs to recover later a incorrect pronunciation. Your face up should exist at the kid's eye level to meet how you pronounce all the sounds.

The speech of the child are about intensively formed in the preschool period. This is the menses from three to vi years. A role model for the infant in this case are his parents.

Therefore, they child should talk to:

• correctly, without the «baby talk»:
• clearly, clearly, with the right placement of stress;
• just (suggestions consist of 2-4 words);
• indistinguishable words within a certain flow of time (the child needs to memorize them and learn to utilise it in his oral communication);
• diverse in tone, timbre, pace;
• «live», equally emotions and gestures should be part of the communication.

If the child is 4 years and yous observe persistent violations in its pronunciation, it is necessary to consult a oral communication therapist. Since the first of the schoolhouse the child must:

• correctly pronounce all sounds of the native language;
• to exist able to do fractional audio analysis;
• to take a rich vocabulary that consists of words belonging to different parts of spoken language;
• to coordinate words in gender, case and number;
• to make a complex syntax in the form of dialogue or monologue.

If your child is diagnosed, according to which your kid has speech disorders, speech therapy he desperately needs. If you lot do not start to behave out a full correction of voice communication pathologies, and over time will start to show the secondary defects which atomic number 82 to significant deviations in child development.

If the baby dysarthria, dyslalia or motor alaliya

In these diseases the child suffers from pronunciation spoken language. The «blame» articulators, of which information technology has non learned to control. Later all, producing sounds people can but subsequently several years of hard piece of work in evolution of the oral communication. This included the encephalon and periphery, which directs the Central nervous system. In society for the kid began to pronounce sounds correctly, nosotros need to combine these processes into a single unit of measurement, and but in this case the spoken communication with other speech organs with the correct breathing and the coordinated work of the brain under the control of the CNS begin to say what is necessary.

Defects zvukoproiznoshenija occurs, usually in 4 stages. Every stage has its purpose, objectives and direction of work:

1. Preparatory. The goal of this phase is to set for the conception of sound and automation. This requires the child to develop auditory perception and attention. This has been achieved through the development of acoustical attention, speech perception, generate interest in leading the conversation. At this stage it is of import to teach the child to breathe correctly, develop his vox. Important exercises for lips, tongue and unabridged confront. A special place belongs to fine motor skills.
2. Production sound. The second phase focuses on learning to correctly pronounce the sound in the isolated sounding. This is achieved by using articulation exercises to develop the necessary muscles.
3. Its automation. The third stage consists of the elaboration of automatically pronounce the audio correctly. He is introduced in the limerick, words, etc.
4. Differentiation. At the terminal stage, the child learns to differentiate sounds by hearing – auditory perception; to secure the ability to correctly pronounce information technology.

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Source: https://million-tips.com/psychology/speech-disorders-in-children-types-causes-diagnosis.html

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